Search result: Catalogue data in Spring Semester 2016

Interdisciplinary Sciences Bachelor Information
Biochemical-Physical Direction
2. Semester (Biochemical-Physical Direction)
Compulsory Subjects First Year Examinations
NumberTitleTypeECTSHoursLecturers
551-0106-00LFundamentals of Biology IBO5 credits5GS. C. Zeeman, W. Krek, J. Levine, O. Y. Martin, G. Velicer, A. Wutz
AbstractThis course is an introduction into the basic principles of evolution, diversity, animal/plant form and function, and ecology.
ObjectiveIntroduction into aspects of modern biology and fundamental biological concepts.
ContentThe course is divided into distinct chapters
1. Mechanisms of evolution.
2. The evolutionary history of biological diversity (bacteria and archea, protists, plants and animals).
3. Plant form and function (growth and development, nutrient and resource acquisition, reproduction and environmental responses).
4. Animal form and function (nutrition, immune system, hormones, reproduction, nervous system and behaviour).
5. Ecology (population ecology, community ecology, ecosystems and conservation ecology).
Lecture notesNo script
LiteratureThis course is based on the textbook 'Biology' (Campbell, Reece, 9th edition). The structure of the course follows that of the book. It is recommended to purchase the English version.
Prerequisites / NoticePart of the contents of the book need to be learned through independent study.
401-0272-00LMathematical Foundations I: Analysis BW3 credits2V + 1UT. Bühler
AbstractOrdinary differential equations as mathematical models to describe processes. Numerical, analytical and geometrical aspects of differential equations. More on multidimensional calculus: vector analysis.
ObjectiveIntroduction to calculus in one and several dimensions. Building simple models and analysing them mathematically.
ContentOrdinary differential equations as mathematical models to describe processes. Numerical, analytical and geometrical aspects of differential equations. More on multidimensional calculus: vector analysis.
Literature- D. W. Jordan, P. Smith: Mathematische Methoden für die Praxis, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag
- M. Akveld/R. Sperb: Analysis I, Analysis II (vdf)
- L. Papula: Mathematik für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler Bde 1,2,3. (Vieweg)
401-0232-10LAnalysis IIW8 credits4V + 2UA. Iozzi
AbstractIntroduction to differential calculus and integration in several variables.
Objective
ContentIntegration in several variables. More on differential equations. Differential calculus of several variables: maxima and minima, implicit function theorem. Vector calculus: line and surface integrals, the theorems of Green, Gauss and Stokes. Applications.
Lecture notesChristian Blatter: Ingenieur-Analysis (Kapitel 4-6)
401-1262-07LAnalysis IIW10 credits6V + 3UH. Knörrer
AbstractIntroduction to differential and integral calculus in several real variables, vector calculus: differential, partial derivative, implicit functions, inverse function theorem, minima with constraints; Riemann integral, vector fields, differential forms, path integrals, surface integrals, divergence theorem, Stokes' theorem.
Objective
ContentCalculus in several variables; curves and surfaces in R^n; extrema with constraints; integration in n dimensions; vector calculus.
Lecture notesStruwe: Analysis I/II, siehe
Link
LiteratureK. Koenigsberger: Analysis II, Springer-Verlag

R. Courant: Vorlesungen ueber Differential- und Integralrechnung.
Springer Verlag

V. Zorich: Analysis II. Springer Verlag 2006
Link
Chr. Blatter: Analysis. Link

H. Heuser: Lehrbuch der Analysis. Teubner Verlag
W. Walter: Analysis 2. Springer Verlag
O. Forster: Analysis II. Vieweg Verlag

J.Appell: Analysis in Beispielen und Gegenbeispielen. Springer Verlag
Link

Thomas Michaels: Analysis 2 (mit vielen gerechneten Beispielen).
Editres A.a.g.l. Lugano 2015
401-0622-00LMathematical Foundations II: Linear Algebra and StatisticsO3 credits2V + 1UM. Dettling
AbstractSystems of linear equations; matrix algebra, determinants; vector spaces, norms and scalar products; linear maps, basis transformations; eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

Random variables and probability, discrete and continuous distribution models; expectation, variance, central limit theorem, parameter estimation; statistical hypothesis tests; confidence intervals; regression analysis.
ObjectiveA sound knowledge of mathematics is an essential prerequisite for a quantitative and computer-based approach to natural sciences. In an intensive two-semester course the most important basic concepts of mathematics, namely univariate and multivariate calculus, linear algebra and statistics are taught.
ContentSystems of linear equations; matrix algebra, determinants; vector spaces, norms and scalar products; linear maps, basis transformations; eigenvalues and eigenvectors. - Least squares fitting and regression models; random variables, statistical properties of least-squares estimators; tests, confidence and prediction intervals in regression models; residual analysis.
Lecture notesFor the part on Linear Algebra, there is a short script (in German) which summarizes the main concepts and results without examples. For a self-contained presentation, the book by Nipp and Stoffer should be used. For the part on Statistics there is a detailed script (in German) available which should be self-contained. The book by Stahel can be used for additional information.
LiteratureLinear Algebra: K. Nipp/D. Stoffer: "Lineare Algebra", vdf, 5th edition.
Statistics: W. Stahel, "Statistische Datenanalyse", Vieweg, 3rd edition.
529-0012-02LGeneral Chemistry (Inorganic Chemistry) IIO4 credits3V + 1UH. Grützmacher, W. Uhlig
Abstract1) General definitions 2) The VSEPR model 3) Qualitative molecular orbital diagrams 4) Closest packing, metal structures 5) The Structures of metalloids
6) Structures of the non-metals 7) Synthesis of the elements 8) Reactivity of the elements 9) Ionic Compounds 10) Ions in Solution 11) Element hydrogen compounds 12) Element halogen compounds 13) Element oxygen compounds 14) Redox chemistry
ObjectiveUnderstanding of the fundamental principles of the structures, properties, and reactivities of the main group elements (groups 1,2 and 13 to 18).
ContentThe course is divided in 14 sections in which the fundamental phenomena of the chemistry of the main group elements are discussed: Part 1: Introduction in the periodical properties of the elements and general definitions. – Part 2: The VSEPR model – Part 3: Qualitative molecular orbital diagrams for simple inorganic molecules – Part 4: Closest packing and structures of metals. – Part 5: The Structures of semimetals (metalloids) of the main group elements – Part 6: Structures of the non-metals– Part 7: Synthesis of the elements. – Part 8: Reactivity of the elements. – Part 9: Ionic Compounds. – Part 10: Ions in Solution. – Part 11: Element hydrogen compounds. – Part 12: Element halogen compounds. – Part 13: Element oxygen compounds. – Part 14: Redox chemistry.
Lecture notesThe transparencies used in the course are accessible via the internet on Link
LiteratureJ. Huheey, E. Keiter, R. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, Principles and Reactivity, 4th edition, deGruyter, 2003.

C.E.Housecroft, E.C.Constable, Chemistry, 4th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.
Prerequisites / NoticeBasis for the understanding of this lecture is the course Allgemeine Chemie 1.
529-0012-03LGeneral Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) IIO4 credits3V + 1UP. Chen, A. Bach
AbstractClassification of organic reactions, reactive intermediates: radicals, carbocations, carbanions, organic acids / bases, electronic substituent effects, electrophilic aromatic substitution, electrophilic addition to double bonds, HSAB concept, nucleophilic substitution at sp3 hybridized carbon centres (SN1/SN2 reactions), nucleophilic aromatic substitutions, eliminations.
ObjectiveUnderstanding of fundamental reactivity principles and the relationship between structure and reactivity. Knowledge of the most important raection types and of selected classes of compounds.
ContentClassification of organic reactions, reactive intermediates: radicals, carbocations, carbanions, organic acids / bases, electronic substituent effects, electrophilic aromatic substitution, electrophilic addition to double bonds, HSAB concept, nucleophilic substitution at sp3 hybridized carbon centres (SN1/SN2 reactions), nucleophilic aromatic substitutions, eliminations.
Lecture notespdf file available at the beginning of the course
Literature[1] P. Sykes, "Reaktionsmechanismen der Organischen Chemie", VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim 1988.
[2] Carey/Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part A and B, 3rd ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1990/1991. Deutsch: Organische Chemie.
[3] Vollhardt/Schore, Organic Chemistry, 2th ed., Freeman, New York, 1994 Deutsche Fassung: Organische Chemie 1995, Verlag Chemie, Wein¬heim, 1324 S. Dazu: N. Schore, Arbeitsbuch zu Vollhardt, Organische Chemie, 2. Aufl. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1995, ca 400 S.
[4] J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th ed., Wiley, New York, 1992.
[5] Streitwieser/Heathcock, Organische Chemie, 2. Auflage, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1994.
[6] Streitwieser/Heathcock/Kosower, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992.
[7] P. Y. Bruice, Organische Chemie, 5. Auflage, Pearson Verlag, 2007.
529-0012-01LPhysical Chemistry I: Thermodynamics Information O4 credits3V + 1UF. Merkt
AbstractFoundations of chemical thermodynamics. The first, second and third law of thermodynamics: Thermodynamic temperature scale, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, the chemical potential. Solutions and mixtures, phase diagrams. Reaction thermodynamics: reaction parameters and equilibrium conditions, equilibrium constants. Thermodynamics of processes at surfaces and interfaces.
ObjectiveIntroduction to chemical thermodynamics
ContentThe first, second and third law of thermodynamics: empirical temperature and thermodynamic temperature scale, internal energy, entropy, thermal equilibrium. Models and standard states: ideal gases, ideal solutions and mixtures, real gases, real solutions and mixtures, activity, tables of standard thermodynamic quantities. Reaction thermodynamics: the chemical potential, reaction parameters and equilibrium conditions, equilibrium constants and their pressure and temperature dependence. Phase equilibria. Thermodynamics at surfaces and interfaces: Adsorption equilibria. Capillary forces. Adsorption isothermes.
Lecture notesIn preparation.
LiteratureA list of possible text books will be provides as separate documents in the lecture.
Prerequisites / NoticeVoraussetzungen: Allgemeine Chemie I, Grundlagen der Mathematik
Additional First Year Subjects
NumberTitleTypeECTSHoursLecturers
551-0102-01LFundamentals of Biology I Restricted registration - show details
Registrations via myStudies until 31.01.2016, at the latest. Subsequent registrations will not be considered.
O6 credits8PP. Kallio, T. A. Beyer, F. Caudron, M. Gstaiger, M. Kopf, O. Kötting, R. Kroschewski, M. Künzler, D. Ramseier, M. Stoffel, E. B. Truernit, further lecturers
AbstractThis 1st year Laboratory course introduces the student to the entire range of classical and modern molecular biosciences. During this course (Praktikum GL Bio I) the students will do three praktikum days in:
- Biochemistry
- Cell Biology I
- Microbiology
- Plant Anantomy & Ecology
(total of 12 experiments)

Each experiment takes one full day.
ObjectiveIntroduction to theoretical and experimental biology

General Praktikum-information and course material can be obtained from Moodle

The general Praktikum information (Assignment list, Instructions and Schedule & Performance Sheet) will also be sent to the students directly (E-mail).
ContentThe class is divided into four blocks: Biochemistry, Microbiology, Plant biology & Ecology and Cell Biology I.

BIOCHEMISTRY:
- TAQ Analysis (part 1): Protein purification
- TAQ Analysis (part 2): SDS-Gelelektrophoresis
- TAQ Analysis (part 3): Activity test of the purified protein

MICROBIOLOGY:
Day 1: Basics for the work with microorganisms & Isolation of microorganisms from the environment
Day 2: Morphology and diagnostics of bacteria & Antimicrobial agents
Day 3: Morphology of fungi & Microbial physiology and interactions

PLANT BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY
- Microscopy and plant cell anatomy
- Plant organ anatomy and gene expression
- Ecology

CELL BIOLOGY I:
- Anatomy of mouse & Blood cell determination
- Histology
- Chromosome preparation and analysis
Lecture notesLaboratory manuals

BIOCHEMISTRY:
- The protocols can be downloaded from: Moodle

MICROBIOLOGY:
- The protocols can be found from: Moodle
- You HAVE TO print the pdf-file, which is also used as the lab manual during the experiments. Therefore, you have to have the Script always with you, when doing the experiments in Microbiology.

PLANT BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY:
- The protocols can be found from: Moodle

CELL BIOLOGY I:
- The handouts of the experiments entitled "Histology" will be provided
- The protocols of "Anatomy of mouse & Blood cell determination" and "Chromosome preparation and analysis" can be found from: Moodle
LiteratureNone
Prerequisites / NoticePLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING RULES

Your attendance is obligatory and you have to attend all 12 Praktikum days of GL Bio I. Absences are only acceptable if you are able to provide a Doctor’s certificate. The original Dr's certificate has to be given to PD Dr. P. Kallio (HCI F413) within five days of the absence of the Praktikum day.

If there will be any exceptional or important situations then you should directly contact the Students Advisor of D-Biol, who will decide if you are allowed to miss a Praktikum day or not.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT!!

1. Due to the increased number of students, the official Praktikum registration has to be done, using myStudies, preferably at the end of HS15 but not later than Sunday January 31, 2016.

2. Later registration is NOT possible and can NOT be accepted!

3. The course registration for FS2016 is usually possible at the end of HS15 and you will obtain an E-mail from the Rectorate when the course registration using myStudies is possible.

Extra Praktikum days have to be organized if more than 220 - 240 students will attend the Praktikum. The group division is random and the reserved Extra Praktikum days are:
- June 2, June 6 - 7, 2016

The Praktikum GL BioI will take place during the following days and therefore, you have to make sure already now that you will not have any other activities / commitments during these days:

PRAKTIKUM DAYS FS16 (Thursdays):

- 25.2.2016
- 3.3
- 10.3
- 17.3
- 24.3

Eastern & Spring vacation: 25.3 - 3.4.2016

- 7.4
- 14.4
- 21.4
- 28.4
- 12.5
- 19.5
- 26.5

EXTRA PRAKTIKUM DAYS (if necessary)

- 2.6.2016
- 6.6
- 7.6
4. Semester (Biochemical-Physical Direction)
Compulsory Subjects Examination Block
NumberTitleTypeECTSHoursLecturers
402-1782-00LPhysics II
Accompanying the lecture course "Physics II", among GESS Compulsory Electives is offered: 851-0147-01L Philosophical Reflections on Physics II
W7 credits4V + 2UK. S. Kirch
AbstractIntroduction to theory of waves, electricity and magnetism. This is the continuation of Physics I which introduced the fundamentals of mechanics.
Objectivebasic knowledge of mechanics and electricity and magnetism as well as the capability to solve physics problems related to these subjects.
402-0044-00LPhysics IIW4 credits3V + 1UM. R. Meyer
AbstractIntroduction to the concepts and tools in physics with the help of demonstration experiments: electromagnetism, optics, introduction to modern physics.
ObjectiveThe concepts and tools in physics, as well as the methods of an experimental science are taught. The student should learn to identify, communicate and solve physical problems in his/her own field of science.
ContentElectromagnetism (electric current, magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, magnetic materials, Maxwell's equations), Optics (light, geometrical optics, interference and diffraction), and Introduction to quantum physics
Lecture notesThe lecture follows the book "Physics for Scientists and Engineers" by Paul A. Tipler and Gene Mosca (6th edition).
LiteraturePhysics for Scientists and Engineers" by Paul A. Tipler and Gene Mosca (6th edition). There is also a similar book in German published by Spektrum Akademischer Verlag authored under the permission of Tipler and Mosca.
Prerequisites / NoticeFor the exam, a self-written summary sheet, hand-held calculator, and translation dictionary (to English).
529-0431-00LPhysical Chemistry III: Molecular Quantum Mechanics Restricted registration - show details O4 credits4GB. H. Meier, M. Ernst
AbstractPostulates of quantum mechanics, operator algebra, Schrödinger's equation, state functions and expectation values, matrix representation of operators, particle in a box, tunneling, harmonic oscillator, molecular vibrations, angular momentum and spin, generalised Pauli principle, perturbation theory, electronic structure of atoms and molecules, Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
ObjectiveThis is an introductory course in quantum mechanics. The course starts with an overview of the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics and introduces the mathematical formalism. The postulates and theorems of quantum mechanics are discussed in the context of experimental and numerical determination of physical quantities. The course develops the tools necessary for the understanding and calculation of elementary quantum phenomena in atoms and molecules.
ContentPostulates and theorems of quantum mechanics: operator algebra, Schrödinger's equation, state functions and expectation values. Linear motions: free particles, particle in a box, quantum mechanical tunneling, the harmonic oscillator and molecular vibrations. Angular momentum: electronic spin and orbital motion, molecular rotations. Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: the Pauli principle, angular momentum coupling, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Variational principle and perturbation theory. Discussion of bigger systems (solids, nano-structures).
Lecture notesA script written in German will be distributed. The script is, however, no replacement for personal notes during the lecture and does not cover all aspects discussed.
529-0222-00LOrganic Chemistry IIO3 credits2V + 1UJ. W. Bode
AbstractOxidation of organic compounds; reductions; one electron transfer reactions; pericyclic reactions; cycloadditions; sigmatropic rearrangements; sextett rearrangements and related reactions; organometallic chemistry; application of the reactions in natural product synthesis
ObjectiveIn this course the major classes of organic transformations will be discussed and illustrated with pertinent examples. Oxidation and reduction reactions will be covered in the first part of the course and this will be followed by a survey of one-electron tranfer processes. The structure and reactivity of nitrenes and carbenes (reactive intermediates) will be described in the second section of the course. Pericyclic reactions will be covered in part three of the course and students will given an overview of preparative organometallic chemistry. The final section of the course includes and introduction to complex molecule synthesis and retrosynthetic analysis.
ContentThe Woodward-Hoffmann rules, electrocyclic reactions, sigmatropic rearrangements, cycloaddition reactions with detailed focus on the Diels-Alder reaction and 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions, oxidation and reduction, dissolving metal reductions, radical reactions, photochemical reactions, introduction to organometallic chemistry.
Lecture notesKeine; es wird erwartet, dass die Studenten den in der Vorlesung behandelten Stoff kennen und mit den gelehrten Prinzipien und Grundlagen umgehen können.
LiteratureKeine; es wird erwartet, dass die Studenten den in der Vorlesung behandelten Stoff kennen und mit den gelehrten Prinzipien und Grundlagen umgehen können.
Electives
For the Bachelor in Interdisciplinary Sciences students can in principle choose from all subjects taught at the Bachelor level at ETH Zurich.

At the beginning of the 2. year an individual study program is established for every student in discussion with the Director of Studies in interdisciplinary sciences. For details see Programme Regulations 2010.
NumberTitleTypeECTSHoursLecturers
529-0058-00LAnalytical Chemistry IIW3 credits3GD. Günther, M.‑O. Ebert, P. Lienemann, R. J. Looser, G. Schwarz
AbstractEnhanced knowledge about the elemental analysis and spectrocopical techniques with close relation to practical applications. This course is based on the knowledge from analytical chemistry I. Separation methods are included.
ObjectiveUse and applications of the elemental analysis and spectroscopical knowledge to solve relevant analytical problems.
ContentCombined application of spectroscopic methods for structure determination, and practical application of element analysis. More complex NMR methods: recording techniques, application of exchange phenomena, double resonance, spin-lattice relaxation, nuclear Overhauser effect, applications of experimental 2d and multipulse NMR spectroscopy, shift reagents. Application of chromatographic and electrophoretic separation methods: basics, working technique, quality assessment of a separation method, van-Deemter equation, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography (HPLC, ion chromatography, gel permeation, packing materials, gradient elution, retention index), electrophoresis, electroosmotic flow, zone electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, isoelectrical focussing, electrochromatography, 2d gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, field flow fractionation, enhanced knowledge in atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, ICP-OES, ICP-MS.
Lecture notesScript will be available
LiteratureLiterature will be within the script
Prerequisites / NoticeExercises for spectra interpretation are part of the lecture. In addition the lecture 529-0289-00 "Instrumentalanalyse organischer Verbindungen" (4th semester) is recommended.
Prerequisite: 529-0051-00 "Analytische Chemie I" (3rd semester)
401-1662-10LIntroduction to Numerical Methods Information W6 credits4G + 2UV. C. Gradinaru
AbstractThis course gives an introduction to numerical methods, aimed at physics majors. It covers numerical linear algebra, quadrature, interpolation and approximation methods as well as initial vaule problems. The focus is on the ability to apply the numerical methods.
ObjectiveOverview on the most important algorithms for the solution of the fundamental numerical problems in Physics and applications;
overview on available software for the numerical solutions;
ability to solve concrete problems
ability to interpret numerical results
ContentInterpolation, least squares (linear and non-linear), nonlinear equations,
fast Fourier transformation, numerical quadrature, initial value problems.
Lecture notesNotes, slides and other relevant materials will be available via the web page of the lecture.
LiteratureRelevant materials will be available via the web page of the lecture.
Prerequisites / NoticePrerequisite is familiarity with basic calculus (approximation theory and vector calculus: grad, div, curl) and linear algebra (Gauss-elimination, matrix decompositions and algorithms, determinant)
401-1152-00LLinear Algebra IIW7 credits4V + 2UE. Kowalski
AbstractDeterminants, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Jordan normal form, bilinear forms, euclidean and unitary vector spaces, selected applications.
ObjectiveBasic knowledge of the fundamentals of linear algebra.
529-0440-00LPhysical Electrochemistry and ElectrocatalysisW6 credits3GT. Schmidt
AbstractFundamentals of electrochemistry, electrochemical electron transfer, electrochemical processes, electrochemical kinetics, electrocatalysis, surface electrochemistry, electrochemical energy conversion processes and introduction into the technologies (e.g., fuel cell, electrolysis), electrochemical methods (e.g., voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy), mass transport.
ObjectiveProviding an overview and in-depth understanding of Fundamentals of electrochemistry, electrochemical electron transfer, electrochemical processes, electrochemical kinetics, electrocatalysis, surface electrochemistry, electrochemical energy conversion processes (fuel cell, electrolysis), electrochemical methods and mass transport during electrochemical reactions. The students will learn about the importance of electrochemical kinetics and its relation to industrial electrochemical processes and in the energy seactor.
ContentReview of electrochemical thermodynamics, description electrochemical kinetics, Butler-Volmer equation, Tafel kinetics, simple electrochemical reactions, electron transfer, Marcus Theory, fundamentals of electrocatalysis, elementary reaction processes, rate-determining steps in electrochemical reactions, practical examples and applications specifically for electrochemical energy conversion processes, introduction to electrochemical methods, mass transport in electrochemical systems. Introduction to fuel cells and electrolysis
Lecture notesWill be handed out during the Semester
LiteraturePhysical Electrochemistry, E. Gileadi, Wiley VCH
Electrochemical Methods, A. Bard/L. Faulkner, Wiley-VCH
Modern Electrochemistry 2A - Fundamentals of Electrodics, J. Bockris, A. Reddy, M. Gamboa-Aldeco, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
6. Semester (Biochemical-Physical Direction)
Laboratory Courses, Semester Papers, Proseminars, Field Trips
Further Laboratory Courses arising upon specific written request by the students and permission by the Director of studies.
NumberTitleTypeECTSHoursLecturers
529-0450-00LSemester ProjectW18 credits18ALecturers
AbstractIn a semester project students extend their knowledge in a particular field, get acquainted with the scientific way of working, and learn to work on an actual research topic. Research projects are carried out in a core or optional subject area as chosen by the student.
ObjectiveStudents are accustomed to scientific work and they get to know one specific research field.
Bachelor Thesis
NumberTitleTypeECTSHoursLecturers
529-0400-00LBachelor's ThesisO15 credits15DLecturers
AbstractIt completes the Bachelor program and consists of a scientific project carried out independently.
ObjectiveEncourages students to show independence, to produce scientifically structured work and to apply engineering working methods.
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